Available in a 4. Specs. com with website issues or suggestions. Scorpion LLV Competition Pistol Upper for Ruger MKII/MKIII. 1/2 x 28 TPI Threads and Thread Protector. 5'' Volquartsen LLV (Mk II/III) and LLV4 (Mk IV) Competition Pistol Uppers. The LLV-4X upper will also be offered as a stand-alone. We include a pin spanner for secure installation and removal. LLV Competition Pistol Upper. Apertures for TechSights 200. Volquartsen’s Scorpion is the ultimate target pistol! Combining their LLV competition pistol upper, with the VC Target Frame, a lightweight and extremely accurate 22 LR was created. The standard thread size is ½ x 28, which will accommodate most suppressors and compensators. The Mini Mamba is the lightest, most compact Mamba package we offer. But I guarantee Hi-Viz makes a sight for that barrel you speak of though. 10/22®, 22/45™,. Subtotal: Add to Cart. It is then fitted with either a 3", 4. Contact [email protected] LLV upper is on sale at EABCO for $299 FYI, I happened to see yesterday that the Volquartsen LLV upper is on sale on E. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. Our Mamba LLV Competition Uppers are unlike other lightweight designs. a screw on rail, and Volquartsen's improved trigger components are affordable and easily. 5” barrel lengths, the Scorpion-X uses Volquartsen’s new LLV-X upper that comes optics ready for a wide range of red dot options. woodsparrow Discussion starter 37 posts. 22 Long Rifle. - Target Sights Set (Front and Rear) to fit Volquartsen LLV and LLV-4 Uppers. Comes with (3) ten round ruger magazines in the factory hard case. Price: MSRP: $103. The Black Mamba-TF features the Volquartsen LLV Competition Upper designed with a stainless steel barrel, laser hardened stainless steel breech, and housed in an aluminum shroud. The trigger while light, is a little sloppy. If you have a Ruger® MK IV™ or MK IV 22/45™ and are looking for the perfect suppressor host, the LLV-4 Mini Upper is your answer. com with website issues or suggestions. 22 WMR Brown Laminated Sporter Stock - 9Rd The SF-1 is one of Volquartsen's most unique rifles offered. To keep weight to a minimum and maintain perfect receiver-barrel alignment, the receiver and barrel shroud are precision machined from a single piece of aluminum alloy. The receiver and barrel shroud are precision-machined as one piece from aluminum. Qty in Cart: 0. 2 models Volquartsen Firearms HP Action Kit for Ruger 10/22 and 22LR (7) As Low As (Save 10%) $128. 10/22®, 22/45™,. used excellent Used Price. SKU 276354. This design provides match grade accuracy in a lightweight package. 750 inch long. Custom Shop. The Volquartsen Black Mamba system uses a Type III hard anodized machined aluminum receiver to reduce the weight. The Black Mamba-TF features the Volquartsen LLV Competition Upper designed with a stainless steel barrel, laser hardened stainless steel breech, and housed in an aluminum shroud. [email protected]" Competition Upper that features an integrally machined universal red dot mount. 5" LLV/Scorpion [VCFOW‑4] $41 Add to Cart More info. This design provides match grade accuracy in a lightweight package. VF4H-0023. 5” Target Barrel installed on the Ruger® MK IV™ receiver with Hi-Viz front sight and Target Rear Sight. Subtotal: Add to Cart. The heart of the Scorpion-X’s is its LLV-X upper. Condition: Good. Sell your volquartsen for FREE today on GunsAmerica!The Black Mamba-TF features the Volquartsen LLV Competition Upper designed with a stainless steel barrel, laser hardened stainless steel breech, and housed in an aluminum shroud. Description. 12 oz. Even though it is lightweight, it still features a stainless steel breech to withstand the rigors of competitive shooting. Our Mamba LLV Competition Uppers are unlike other lightweight designs. Has anybody successfully installed Volquartsne's Accurizing modification for the Mark IV pistols? If you aren't aware, this "kit" includes a replacement trigger (which is adjustable), a replacement trigger spring and plunger, replacement sear and replacement hammer and hammer bushing. The only threads I can see are where the inside of the ring mates to the barrel. Volquartsen. Configurations will feature a 2. 22 Long Rifle Description: Volquartsen LLV scorpion chambered in . 10/22®, 22/45. com with website issues or suggestions. Our Mamba LLV Competition Uppers are unlike other lightweight designs. . com with website issues or suggestions. It comes standard with the Volquartsen Competition Bolt. Add to Cart Compare. Available for sale is a specific unit identified by the serial DV00329, featuring an ambidextrous manual safety, fully functional fire control group, bolt lock, and magazine release. Often time two FTFs per magazine !!! I also had. Volquartsen Exact Edge Extractor for MKI, MkII, Mk III, MK IV and 10/22. At the age of 14 she started competing in SASP matches. As far as weight I decided to add a 3D printed barrel weight mount and used a 5 inch section of brass rod to add a few ounces. VOLQUARTSEN LLV. The sear and trigger will be VQ parts as they have been sitting on the shelf waiting for a project, the hammer bushing will be from TK. Fits Volquartsen 4. Must be a resident of the United states to win. Volquartsen Firearms Carroll, IA 51401 [email protected]” or 6” barrel length, it features a stainless steel barrel (with stainless steel breech) housed in an aluminum shroud. Frame as above with original Ruger 22/45 Lite upper and plus Tactical Solutions Bolt Racker - 22. We use a Type III hard anodized machined aluminum receiver to reduce the weight but then fit it with a stainless steel match barrel. Sure have enjoyed volquartsen and the ease of cleaning is a plus with the latest generation. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range!. Qty in Cart: 0. com 712-792-4238 ©2023 Volquartsen FirearmsThe Black Mamba-X is built using our LLV-4X 4. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. FTF on my very first magazine. Subtotal: Add to Cart. Volquartsen Scorpion . Comes in a factory hardcase with spare magazine, tool, owner's manual and certificate of authenticity. This video also includes troubleshooting for common issues encountered during the disas. So I’ve owned 2 Scorpions and a Ruger Mark IV 22/45 Lite. The LLV body is . The Volquartsen Ruger® Mark IV™ LLV Competition Upper With Sights is. Contact webmaster@volquartsen. This Fixed Rear Sight from Volquartsen Firearms is for use on the Ruger Mark II, Mark III, or MK IV, and replaces the original sight. 00 in 2023 compared to. Qty in Cart: 0. #1 · Jan 13, 2017. LLV Competition Pistol Upper. Maintenance and adaptation is easier than ever. HiViz MKAD211 Rear Sight fits Ruger Mark I, II, III, IV, 22/45, and 22/45 Lite, Fiber Optic. A CNC-machined billet aluminum receiver is the foundation of this lightweight setup. 5" or 6" barrel length. Has a single port allowing the compensator to be cleaned without removing it from the LLV. 22 LR. Create New Wish List; 5 customers are viewing this product ) Volquartsen VOL LLV-4 MINI UPPER 22LR. The same upper featured on our Mini Mamba pistols. The Summit rifle is now available in both 17 HMR and 22 WMR calibers. Type III hard anodized aluminum receiver. 00 $418. Laser-hardened breech. This upper is built with the same features as all of our Competition Uppers: Stainless steel match barrel with laser hardened breechVolquartsen Firearms Ruger MK IV Accurizing Kit w/No Trigger $114. 00 10% Bonus Bucks. Includes Patridge Front Sight and Target. 00. Volquartsen VC4LLV-6 Competition Upper 6'' fits Ruger MKIV and MKIV 22/45 - This replacement barrel ("upper") is a superb upgrade for your Ruger MK IV. The Mamba-TF features the Volquartsen LLV Competition Upper designed with a stainless steel barrel, laser hardened stainless steel breech, and housed in an aluminum shroud. The Volquartsen LLV Upper has been combined with the lightweight VC Target Frame to create a very lightweight and extremely accurate 22 LR. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range! $529 Add to Cart. — You save $1. The Volquartsen Competition Bolt with DLC coating ensures smooth. A captive, knurled nut secures the compensator to the muzzle threads. Contact [email protected] Accuracy Test Hey Clem, had to mention the Kidd barrel accuracy, even if you are 50% successful, in 4 purchases. 22 LR, 6" Barrel, Target 22 Frame, Hi-Viz Sights, Brown/Gray, 10rd. Arthur Brown Company - Guns, Barrels, Shooting Accessories for $299 . Current Stock: Add to Wish List. $55 Add to Cart. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range! $558 Add to Cart. 00. From $426. Specs. Additional Information. It combines features from the Volquartsen Scorpion 22 LR Target. 80 Volquartsen TL Rear Sight for Ruger Mk II/Mk III/Mk IV, and LLV Precision-machined to ensure accurate. Volquartsen LLV-4 MINI Mamba Upper WITH SIGHTS for Ruger Mark IV, 3" Black 1/2"x28 Threads Volquartsen Competition Kit, Mark 4 IV, Stainless Trigger (Mamba) Volquartsen Mark IV 22/45 Magazine Base Pad and Extended Magazine Release Kit 5. Here's a picture of the LLV: The muzzle looks like this: I have several questions: 1) Is the ring with the 4 holes a thread protector that's meant to allow a suppressor to be mounted? 2) Does anyone know. Shop Volquartsen Firearms Scorpion Pistol Barrel Weight | $1. Winner will be selected at 3pm eastern time on April 30, 2017. Includes Patridge Front Sight and Target Adjustable Rear Sight. Volquartsen. 00. The VC Target Frame is offered in two grip-angle. $17 Shop Now Grip Hardware Set for Volquartsen Grips. I have two LLV III's, both of which are running Ruger bolts/firing pins. com with website issues or. Our Volquartsen 4. Fiber Optic Front and Target Rear. Area Code: 866. Contact webmaster@volquartsen. The disassembly and reassembly process for our Scorpion 22 LR pistol. Winner will be required to show proof of membership to claim prize. Feb 27, 2022 #7 ; 264win said: Getting ready to buy my ”last” semi auto 22 pistol, will be used as host for a can most of the time. 22 Semi-Auto Target Pistol ** SOLD Description: This very early-production . ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. Volquartsen Single Port LLV Compensator for MkII/III LLV Barrels, Black. LLV. com with website issues or suggestions. The Volquartsen Competition Bolt with DLC coating ensures smooth. It has a very consistent, crisp, clean trigger pull. 22 LR competition pistol. These new offerings will be available in stainless steel and lightweight aluminum configurations, with various barrel and stock options. Volquartsen - SF-1 . This model is a bit “edgier” looking than the original, with angled sides, surface. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. Shop NowOur unique pistol comps are designed for our Mamba and Scorpion Pistols and their associated LLV uppers. 22338 Lougheed Hwy. Volquartsen Firearms Llv-4 Mini Uper 22Lr 3B DE VC4LLV-0025. The receiver and barrel shroud are precision-machined as one piece from aluminum. 00. Question for all of you Ruger folks. 99. Patridge style target sight fits on 4. Quantity:. - Black 4. Description. It combines features from the Volquartsen. It's extremely lightweight, well-balanced, and offers match grade accuracy. It's extremely. Volquartsen’s Black Mamba line of pistols borrow a lot of features from the company’s Scorpion lineup. Additionally, the optional Volquartsen compensator is easily removable for suppressor installation. 10/22®, 22/45. 5" LLV-4 Upper for Ruger Mark IV, Black Threaded 1/2"x28 (Mamba) Birchwood Casey Synthetic Gun Oil, 2 fl. Their idea is to have weight hanging off the front to minimize muzzle rise. Removing A 10/22® Barrel From The Receiver. This design provides match grade accuracy in a lightweight package. One of these days, I'll pick up a threaded barrel for my 41's, but until then I'll roll with the others. The latter was a combination of new volquartsen parts and gently used volquartsen parts. Replacement Receiver, Stainless Steel, Universal Red Dot Mount [VCFT‑0003] $485 Add to Cart More info. Some questions. 10/22®, 22/45™,. Likely the same one for MKIII and such. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. com with website issues or suggestions. WTS Volquartsen LLV 6" Mamba Pistol 22LR HappyChemtrail; Oct 12, 2023; For Sale; For Trade; $1200 Bend Oregon Replies 0 Views 372. This pistol was top-of-the-line when it was new, and the superb perfomance of these LLV's are what helped build the Volquartsen. Up for sell I have a Volquartsen LLV Pistol Upper, 6 inches, Compensator, Rear Target Sight and Front Fiber Optic sight. Precision-made rimfire firearms and accessories for competition, varmint hunting, and recreation. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. Product Information. 22 LR, 6" Barrel, Target 22 Frame, Hi-Viz Sights, Brown/Gray, 10rd. 00 $36. Type III hard anodized aluminum receiver. The Volquartsen Competition Bolt with DLC coating ensures smooth. To complete the package Volquartsen has added their competition bolt as standard item. The Volquartsen Firearms Ruger Mark II Rear T/L Firearm Sight allows you to make precise, micro. 140-VC4CL-B Customers Also Viewed. The LLV-X upper is also available as a stand-alone product for the Ruger® MKII, MKIII, and prior Scorpion 22 LR models. Save Share. 5'' Volquartsen LLV (Mk II/III) and LLV4 (Mk IV) Competition Pistol Uppers. 58" Extended Length RH Door Track. Aluminum VF Target Frame in the 1911 Grip Angle. Watch the Lead Pulverizer make quick work of lead and residue build up in the LLV, Black Mamba, or Scorpion compensator. 140-VF3LTS-4. This design provides match grade accuracy in a lightweight package. Volquartsen parts are great. 00. Volquartsen’s most compact Scorpion package features an overall length of approximately 8 inches and weighs only 1. com with website issues or suggestions. Boasting. VCSFS-4. Mamba LLV for Ruger MK IV, 4. Designed for competition and precision shooting, the Volquartsen® Black Mamba Semi-Auto Pistol is a feature-rich . 5" or 6" barrel length. I bought a Ruger Mk II that has an old Volquartsen LLV barrel installed. . The integral Picatinny rail on top and bottom is. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range! $426 Add to Cart. com the best online marketplace for buying and selling semi auto pistols, firearms, accessories, and. Utilizes the Volquartsen 3″ Scorpion LLV Upper. Replacement Receiver, Stainless Steel [VCFT‑SS] $485 Add to Cart More info. The system comes housed in an aluminum shroud. The Volquartsen Black Mamba is based on the Ruger MK IV but upgraded throughout and uses the LLV Competition Upper and their Accurizing Kit to upgrade the t. Subtotal: Add to Cart. Price: MSRP: $17. The Black Mamba-X is a competition ready pistol in a push-button takedown configuration. Newer Volquartsen LLVs are pre-drilled and tapped. Complete pistols should be available in the next six months. First Look: Volquartsen LLV-4 Competition Upper; Most Popular. com with website issues or suggestions. Contact webmaster@volquartsen. ModelSeries: LLV-4Caliber: 22LRAction: Semi-AutomaticFinish: Black Anodized AluminumBarrel Length: 3Features: Davidson's Exclusive MSRP: $516. 00 Shipping Weight: 0. 140-VC45NF-H-B. Contact webmaster@volquartsen. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range! $534 Add to Cart. com with website issues or suggestions. . The dowel pins can be removed by tapping on the face of the compensator with the dowel pin holes. The Scorpion is a combination of the Lightweight VC Target Frame and the LLV Upper. I have swapped sights on some and mounted optics to others. SELLER: LGHLLC (FFL Dealer) Buy a VOLQUARTSEN CUSTOM VF4M0098 Volquartsen Firearms Mini Mamba Davidson's Exclusive <br ><br > LOW SERIAL NUMBER DV00020 <br ><b for sale by LGHLLC on GunsAmerica. Aluminum VF Target Frame in the 1911 Grip Angle. $103 Add. Black Anodized Aluminum. Mamba LLV for Ruger MK IV, 6", Target Sights [VC4LLV‑6‑TS‑B] $534 Add to Cart More info. Currently Out of Stock. 70. Add to Cart Compare. Subtotal: Add to Cart. 5 or 6 inch, and two models; the Scorpion and Scorpion 22 WMR. 140-VCSFS-4 Add to Cart. Review Subject Required. 00 Add to Cart Compare. Volquartsen Target Sight Setsfor Original LLV and New MKIV LLV Uppers- Target Sights Set (Front and Rear) to fit Volquartsen LLV and LLV-4 Black Mamba Uppers. Surprisingly, the trigger is set at just over 3 1/2 pounds and although there is a lot of take-up I can manage. 10/22®, 22/45. I’ve had and modified rugers, Browning. I think their comps are a waste of time. $1,911 Add to Cart - In Stock Now!. com 712-792-4238 ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL. Volquartsen. The Scorpion offers a Stainless-Steel barrel, either 4. $1,856 Add to Cart - In Stock Now!. Learn More. Customer service and support are available Monday-Friday from 8:30AM-4:30PM, Central time. - This replacement barrel ("upper") is a superb upgrade for your Ruger MK IV. Browse other Ruger MKII/MKIII & 22/45; Browse other Ruger MK IV & 22/45; Browse all models of TL Rear Sight for MKII. Ruger Mark II/III and 22/45. Fiber Optic Front Sight, 6" LLV/Scorpion [VCFOW‑6] $41 Add to Cart More info. Stainless steel barrel with stainless steel breech; Black finish is Type III hard anodized; Works with any MKII or MKIII frame (either 22/45 or Target Model) Not compatible with MK IV; Made in. Volquartsen Llv; VOLQUARTSEN LLV. Subtotal: Add to Cart. $103 Add. Contact webmaster@volquartsen. Completely change how your pistol handles with the push of a button. Available in a 4. 5" or 6" barrel length. com with website issues or suggestions. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range! $529 Add to Cart. 22 long rifle cartridge. From $1,576 Shop Now ENV Pistol From $1,395 Shop Now Mamba LLV Competition Pistol Upper for Ruger MK IV From $426 Shop Now Mamba-TF From $1,549 Shop Now Scorpion From $1,452. Mark II/Volquartsen LLV. , black anodize, Cerakote in OD green, flat dark earth, and an American Flag pattern, and lastly their "Battleworn" nickel boron. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. We include a pin spanner for secure installation and removal. The Mamba-TF features the Volquartsen LLV Competition Upper designed with a stainless steel barrel, laser hardened stainless steel breech, and housed in an aluminum shroud. $1,710. 5" [VC4LLV‑X] $529 Add to Cart More info. It is built around two sub-assemblies Volquartsen also offers separately to the public—a VC Target Frame and an LLV Competition Pistol Upper. Mounts with two 8-32 screws under LLV barrels. It’s simple to take down the Mamba-X and other 22/45 pistols. $1,530. com 712-792-4238 ©2023 Volquartsen FirearmsAs far as the Volquartsen LLV I purchased one last summer and I liked their setup so much that I purchased their bolt and frame to complete the gun. Select firearms are able to be ordered online and shipped to your local Cabela's! More Info. Mamba LLV Competition Pistol Upper for Ruger MK IV. A captive, knurled nut secures the compensator to the muzzle threads. We can drill and tap-install this rail for you here at EABCO if you like. Volquartsen Scorpion. Volquartsen Extended Bolt Release fits Ruger Mark IV Black. Pistol barrels being significantly shorter, the rounds should be in the 9xx FPS range. Fits all Ruger MK IV and MK IV 22/45 Models. Warning!. 70Volquartsen's LLV Competition Upper With Sights turns the already superb Ruger® Mark IV™ into an outstanding . Older compensators utilize 3 dowel pins. , black anodize, Cerakote in OD green, flat dark earth, and an American Flag pattern, and lastly their "Battleworn" nickel boron finish. 5" Jump to Latest Follow 3K views 10 replies 7 participants last post by Flash_80 Jan 7, 2020. 5" Competition Upper- Black -FFL Required. However, we feel it is still very important that we offer you the opportunity to customize your firearm to fit you and your exact needs. This design provides match grade accuracy in a lightweight package. It is compatible with both the Volquartsen Competition Bolt as well as the Ruger® MKII/MKIII™ factory bolt. That 16 inch barrel is accurate enough for shooting cards with the big guys--if you are good at wind reading. I wonder if the ring is meant to be removed "casually" because I rigged a tool to take. 22LR handgun that's sure to give you an advantage over other shooters. The Volquartsen TL Rear Sight for Ruger MKII, MKIII, and MK IV is machined with a steel material that will last. 49) Quantity: Decrease. The Volquartsen Firearms LLV-4 Single-Port V-Cut Compensator features a single port that redirects muzzle blast in a V-shape to redirect energy and reduce muzzle rise, and you. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. Our Price: $483. 5 $85. Hi everyone, I am looking at building a MkIV 22/45 Lite pistol for leagues and I am looking at trying to come up with a reasonably economical way to approach it. It is built around two sub-assemblies Volquartsen also offers separately to the public—a VC Target Frame and an LLV Competition Pistol Upper. Parts list:-Ruger Mark IV target-4. Our Mamba LLV Competition Uppers are unlike other lightweight designs. 99 In stock. Volquartsen OPTICS READY 6" LLV-4X Black (Mamba X) Upper for Ruger Mark IV, Threaded 1/2"x28 Threads VC4LLV-0033. The Volquartsen Black Mamba system uses a Type III hard anodized machined aluminum receiver to reduce the weight. com with website issues or suggestions. The barrel has been contoured to reduce weight without sacrificing accuracy. 00 $15. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range! $529 Add to Cart. 244. Demonstrating the takedown process on. The Scorpion LLV Competition Upper features a stainless steel breech face designed to withstand years of use both in practice and on the range!. As low as $61. $1,636. The LLV-4X Upper will also be available as a stand-alone product and is compatible with both the Volquartsen Competition Bolt as well as the Ruger® MK IV™ factory bolt. 01 Off Be The First To Review Volquartsen Firearms Scorpion Pistol Barrel Weight + Free Shipping over $49. 22 pistol. I could be dead wrong, but I doubt Ruger changed up much on that part between models. Seems like that is the barrel/receiver that will be the most fun on this new pistola. com with website issues or suggestions. com 712-792-4238 ©2023 Volquartsen FirearmsThe Mamba-TF features the Volquartsen LLV Competition Upper designed with a stainless steel barrel, laser hardened stainless steel breech, and housed in an aluminum shroud. Name Email Required. The Black Mamba-TF features the Volquartsen LLV Competition Upper designed with a stainless steel barrel, laser hardened stainless steel breech, and housed in an aluminum. Description. From $184. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered. Works with any Ruger ®MKII or MKIII frame (either 22/45 or Target. 10/22®, 22/45™,. Browse other Parts for Volquartsen Pistols; Fiber Optic Front Sight, 4. ©2023 Volquartsen Firearms All serial numbered items must be shipped to an FFL dealer. 00 Add to Cart Compare. From $426 Shop Now Pistol Competition Kit for MK IV. 140-VCSFS-4 Choose Options. Available in a 4. I installed both triggers myself and neither one required any filing. $479. Subtotal: Choose Options. This upper features a stainless steel barrel (with stainless steel, laser hardened breech) housed in an aluminum shroud. 70. Mamba LLV Competition Pistol Upper for Ruger MK IV. 10/22®, 22/45. Product Number: VCSN‑R: Approximate weight: 2oz: UPC: 810162014643: Made in the USA;. 5” or 6" barrel with stainless steel laser-hardened breech within a Type III hard anodized aluminum shroud. 0025" to give us a very tight fit into the factory receiver. V2X 2T4, Canada. Nothing strikes with the speed and agility of the Black Mamba. 1. Available in a 4. 5 oz. Volquartsen VC4LLV-4 Competition Upper 4.